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内容简介
《动物农场》是奥威尔最优秀的作品之一，是一则入木三分的反乌托的政治讽喻寓言。
农场的一群动物成功地进行了一场“革命”，将压榨他们的人类东家赶出农场，建立起一个平等的动物社会。然而，动物领袖，那些聪明的猪们最终却篡夺了革命的果实，成为比人类东家更加独裁和极权的统治者。
作者简介
乔治·奥威尔（George Orwell），本名埃里克·亚瑟·布莱尔（Eric Arthur Blair）。1903年生于印度，当时，他的父亲在当地的殖民地政府供职，用他自己的话说，他家属于“中产阶级的下层，或没有钱财的中产家庭”。
1904年，由母亲带他先回到了英国。他自幼天资聪颖，11岁时就在报纸上发表了一篇诗作《醒来吧，英格兰的小伙子们》。14岁又考入著名的伊顿（Eton）公学，并获取了奖学金。但早在小学时期，他就饱尝了被富家子弟歧视的苦涩，从他后来的回顾中可以看出，凭他那天生就很敏感的心灵，这时已经对不平等有了初步的体验。
1921年，布莱尔从伊顿毕业后考取了公职，到缅甸当了一名帝国警察，在那里，被奴役的殖民地人民的悲惨生活无时不在刺激着他的良知。看着他们在饥寒交迫中、在任人宰割的被奴役中挣扎，他深深感到“帝国主义是一种暴虐”。身为一名帝国警察，他为此在良心上备受煎熬，遂于1927年辞了职，并在后来写下了《绞刑》（A Hanging,1931年，此为正式出版年代，下同），《缅甸岁月》（Burmese Days,1934年）和《猎象记》(Shooting an Elephant，1936年)，这些纪实性作品，对帝国主义的罪恶作了无情的揭露。
但是，这一段生活经历仍使布莱尔内疚不已。为了用行动来表示忏悔，也为了自我教育，他从1928年1月回国时起，就深入到社会最底层，四处漂泊流落。尽管他自幼就体弱多病，但在巴黎、伦敦两地，他当过洗盘子的杂工，住过贫民窟，并常常混迹在流浪汉和乞丐之中。次年，布莱尔写下了关于这段经历的纪实性作品《巴黎伦敦落魄记》（Down and Out in Paris and London,1933年），真切地描述了生活在社会底层的人民的苦难。正是在为这部作品署名时，布莱尔用了“乔治·奥威尔”这一笔名。某种程度上说，“奥威尔”的出现，开始了布莱尔的新生活。
这时的奥威尔已经把自己深切的情感系于无产阶级的命运上，在思想上也开始倾向社会主义。他不能容忍劳苦大众在英国处于一种“被忽视的”地位，他曾这样深情地写道：“他们才是真正的英国人。”赶巧，在1936年，有一位进步出版商聘请一位属于“不是受害者自己，而是见证人”的作家，去北部工业区（兰开郡，约克郡）对工人的穷困状况作实地调查。被认为是最合适的人选的奥威尔欣然应聘，历时数月，通过自己的亲眼所见，并参考了包括恩格
斯《通往威根码头之路》（The Road to Wigan Pier,1937年）–其中记述了大量的事实，深切地反映出工业区人民生活的悲惨和世道的黑暗。奥威尔不但据此愤怒地谴责资本主义工业化对人性的摧残，还主张用社会主义来拯治社会的弊端。
1936年7月，西班牙内战爆发。同年年底，奥威尔与新婚的妻子一同奔赴西班牙，投身于保卫共和政府的光荣战斗。奥威尔在前线担任少尉，喉部曾经受过重伤。他为记述西班牙内战而写的《向卡特洛尼亚致敬》（Homage to Catalonia,1938年）一书，后来成为关于这场内战的一个权威性文献。
但是，这场正义的战争，由于左翼共和政府内部分裂，最后竟失败了。没有死于法西斯枪弹下的奥威尔，竟差一点丧身在共和政府内部党派之争的倾轧中。这个惨痛的经验对奥威尔影响巨大。他曾说自己“从1930年起就是一个社会主义者了”，而这时候，他又开始考虑“捍卫民主社会主义”的问题了。这个思想出发点，一直影响到他后期的两部名作《动物庄园》和《1984》（Nineteen Eighty-Four,1949）创作。
他为后人留下了大量的作品，仅以《动物庄园》和《1984》而言，他的影响已经不可估量。以至于为了指代某些奥威尔所描述过的社会现象，现代英语中还专门有一个词叫“奥威尔现象（Orwellian）”。如果说，贯穿奥威尔一生的作品主要是反映“贫困”和“政治”这两个主题，那么激发他这样写作的主要动力就是良知和真诚。1950年1月，奥威尔病逝，享年46岁。
试读
第一章
故事发生在曼纳农场里。这天晚上，农场的主人琼斯先生锁好了鸡舍，可是醉得忘了把鸡舍上的小洞也堵上。他脚步踉跄地走过院子，手里提灯的光圈晃来晃去。到了后门，他把靴子一脚一只踢了出去，又从洗碗间的酒桶里舀起最后一杯啤酒，一饮而尽，然后才上床休息。此时，床上的琼斯夫人已是鼾声如雷了。
等那边卧室里的灯光一熄灭，整个农场的棚圈里就泛起一阵扑扑腾腾的骚动。还在白天的时候，农场里就风传着一件事，说是老少校，就是得过“中等白鬃毛”奖的那头雄猪，在前一天晚上做了一个奇怪的梦，想要传达给其他动物。老少校（大家一直这样称呼他，不过他被送展时名字叫“威灵顿帅哥”）在农场里德高望重，大家都很愿意少睡一个钟头，来听听他有什么话要说。当时，大家都已经同意，等琼斯先生完全走开后，他们就到大谷仓内集合。
在大谷仓一头一个凸起的台子上，老少校已经安稳地坐在草垫子上了，在他头顶上方的房梁上悬挂着一盏马灯。他已经十二岁了，近来长得有些发胖，但他依然仪表堂堂。尽管事实上他的犬牙从来没有割剪过，这也并不妨碍他面带着智慧和慈祥。不一会，动物们开始陆续赶来，并按各自不同的方式坐稳了。最先到来的是三条狗，蓝铃、杰西和品彻，猪随后走进来，并立即坐在台子前面的稻草上。鸡栖在窗台上，鸽子扑腾上了房梁，羊和牛躺在猪身后并开始倒嚼起来。两匹套四轮货车的马，鲍克瑟和克拉弗，一块赶来，他们走进时走得很慢，每当他们在落下那巨大的毛乎乎的蹄子时，总是小心翼翼，生怕草堆里藏着什么小动物。克拉弗是一匹粗壮而慈爱的母马，接近中年。她在生了第四个小驹之后，体形再也没有能恢复原样。鲍克瑟身材高大，有近两米高的个头，力气赶得上一般的两匹马。顺着他的鼻子有道白纹，让他的样子看上去有点笨。实际上，他确实不怎么聪明，但他坚韧不拔的个性和干活时那股十足的劲头，使他赢得了普遍的尊敬。跟着马后面到的是白山羊穆丽尔，还有那头驴，本杰明。本杰明是农场里年龄最老的动物，脾气也最糟，他沉默寡言，不开口则已，一开口就少不了说一些风凉话。譬如，他会说上帝给了他尾巴是为了驱赶苍蝇，但他却宁愿没有尾巴也没有苍蝇。农场里的动物中，唯有他从来没有笑过，要问为什么，他会说他没有看见什么值得好笑的事。然而他对鲍克瑟却是真诚相待，只不过没有公开承认罢了。星期天时，他俩经常在果园那边的小草场上一言不发地并肩吃草。
这两匹马刚躺下，一群失去了妈妈的小鸭子便排成一溜进了大谷仓，吱吱喳喳，东张西望，想找一处不会被踩到的地方。克拉弗用她粗壮的前腿像墙一样地围住他们，小鸭子偎依在里面，很快就入睡了。莫丽来得很晚，这个愚蠢的家伙，长着一身白生生的毛，是一匹套琼斯先生座车的母马。她扭扭捏捏地走进来，一颠一颠地，嘴里还嚼着一块糖。她占了个靠前的位置，就开始抖动起她的白鬃毛，试图炫耀一番那些扎在鬃毛上的红饰带。猫是最后一个来的，她像往常一样，到处寻找最热乎的地方，最后在鲍克瑟和克拉弗当中挤了进去。少校讲话时，她从头到尾都在心满意足地打呼噜，少校的讲话她一个字也没听到。
老少校前一天晚上做了一个奇怪的梦，想要传达给其他动物。
全体动物现在都到齐了，除了摩西——它是只被驯化了的乌鸦，正在后门背后的一根挂杆上睡觉。老少校看到他们全都找好位置，在聚精会神地等待，便清清喉咙，开始讲话了：
“同志们，我昨晚做了一个奇怪的梦，这个你们都已经听说了，但我想等一会再提它。我想先说点别的事。同志们，我想我和你们在一起待不了多久了。在我临死之前，我觉得有责任把我已经获得的智慧传授给你们。我活了一辈子，当我独自躺在圈中时，我总在思索，我想我敢说，如同任何一个健在的动物一样，我悟出了一个道理，那就是活在世上是怎么回事。这就是我要给你们讲的问题。
“那么，同志们，我们又是怎么生活的呢？让我们来看一看吧：我们的一生是短暂的，却是凄惨而艰辛。一生下来，我们所得到的食物只够维持我们有口活气儿。我们中间能干活的，要被逼着出尽最后一丝力气；而一旦我们不再有用，就被残忍至极地杀害。在英格兰的动物中，没有一个动物在一岁之后懂得什么是幸福或空闲的涵意。没有一个是自由的。显而易见，动物的一生是痛苦的、备受奴役的一生。
“但是，这真的是命中注定的吗？那些生长在这里的动物之所以不能过上舒适的生活，难道是因为我们这块土地太贫瘠了吗？不！同志们！一千个不！英格兰土地肥沃，气候适宜，它可以提供丰富的食物，可以养活比现在多得多的动物。拿我们这一个农场来说，就足以养活十二匹马、二十头牛和数百只羊，而且我们甚至无法想象，他们会过得多么舒适，过得多么体面。那么，为什么我们的悲惨境况没有得到改变呢？这是因为，我们的全部劳动所得几乎都被人类窃取走了。同志们，这就是我们所有问题的答案。归结为一个字——人。人是我们唯一真正的敌人。消灭了人，饥饿和过度劳累的根子就能被一劳永逸地除掉。
“人是一种最可怜的家伙，什么都产不了，只会挥霍。那些家伙产不了奶，也下不了蛋，瘦弱得拉不动犁，跑起来也是慢吞吞的，连个兔子都逮不住。可那家伙却是所有动物的主宰，他驱使动物去干活，给动物的报偿却只是一点少得不能再少的草料，仅够我们糊口而已。而我们劳动所得的其余的一切都被人据为己有。是我们流血流汗在耕耘这块土地，是我们的粪便使它肥沃，可我们自己除了这一副空皮囊之外，又得到了什么呢！你们这些坐在我面前的牛，去年一年里，你们已产过多少加仑的奶呢！那些本来可以喂养出许多强壮的牛犊的奶又到哪儿去了呢？每一滴都流进了我们仇敌的喉咙里。还有你们这些鸡、这一年里你们已下了多少只蛋呢？可又有多少孵成了小鸡？那些没有孵化的鸡蛋都被拿到市场上为琼斯和他的伙计们换成了钞票！你呢，克拉弗，你的四匹小马驹到哪儿去了？他们本来是你晚年的安慰和寄托！而他们却都在一岁时给卖掉了，你永远也无法再见到他们了。补偿给你这四次坐月子和在地里劳作的，除了那点可怜的饲料和一间马厩外，还有什么呢？
“更有甚者，就算这种悲惨的生活过到头，我们也得不到善终。拿我自己来说，我无可抱怨，因为我算是幸运的。我十二岁了，已有四百多个孩子，这对一个猪来说就是应有的生活了。但是，到头来没有一个动物能逃过那残忍的一刀。你们这些坐在我面前的小肉猪们，不出一年，你们都将在刀架上嚎叫着断送性命。我们都注定躲不过这种厄运——奶牛、猪、母鸡、绵羊，每一种动物。就是马和狗的命运也好不了多少。你，鲍克瑟，有朝一日你那强健的肌肉失去了力气，琼斯就会把你卖给屠马商，屠马商会割断你的喉咙，把你煮了给猎狗吃。而狗呢，等他们老了，牙也掉光了，琼斯就会就近找个池塘，弄块砖头拴在他们的脖子上，把他们沉到水底。
英文试读
Chapter 1
Mr. Jones，of the Manor Farm，had locked the hen houses for the night，but was too drunk to remember to shut the pop holes. With the ring of light from his lantern dancing from side to side，he lurched across the yard，kicked off his boots at the back door，drew himself a last glass of beer from the barrel in the scullery，and made his way up to bed，where Mrs. Jones was already snoring.
As soon as the light in the bedroom went out there was a stirring and a fluttering all through the farm buildings. Word had gone round during the day that old Major，the prize Middle White boar，had had a strange dream on the previous night and wished to communicate it to the other animals. It had been agreed that they should all meet in the big barn as soon as Mr. Jones was safely out of the way. Old Major (so he was always called，though the name under which he had been exhibited was Willingdon Beauty) was so highly regarded on the farm that everyone was quite ready to lose an hour’s sleep in order to hear what he had to say.
At one end of the big barn，on a sort of raised platform，Major was already ensconced on his bed of straw，under a lantern which hung from a beam. He was twelve years old and had lately grown rather stout，but he was still a majestic looking pig，with a wise and benevolent appearance in spite of the fact that his tushes had never been cut. Before long the other animals began to arrive and make themselves comfortable after their different fashions. First came the three dogs，Bluebell，Jessie，and Pincher，and then the pigs，who settled down in the straw immediately in front of the platform. The hens perched themselves on the window sills，the pigeons fluttered up to the rafters，the sheep and cows lay down behind the pigs and began to chew the cud. The two cart horses，Boxer and Clover，came in together，walking very slowly and setting down their vast hairy hoofs with great care lest there should be some small animal concealed in the straw. Clover was a stout motherly mare approaching middle life，who had never quite got her figure back after her fourth foal. Boxer was an enormous beast，nearly eighteen hands high，and as strong as any two ordinary horses put together. A white stripe down his nose gave him a somewhat stupid appearance，and in fact he was not of first rate intelligence，but he was universally respected for his steadiness of character and tremendous powers of work. After the horses came Muriel，the white goat，and Benjamin，the donkey. Benjamin was the oldest animal on the farm，and the worst tempered. He seldom talked，and when he did，it was usually to make some cynical remark—for instance，he would say that God had given him a tail to keep the flies off，but that he would sooner have had no tail and no flies. Alone among the animals on the farm he never laughed. If asked why，he would say that he saw nothing to laugh at. Nevertheless，without openly admitting it，he was devoted to Boxer; the two of them usually spent their Sundays together in the small paddock beyond the orchard，grazing side by side and never speaking.
The two horses had just lain down when a brood of ducklings，which had lost their mother，filed into the barn，cheeping feebly and wandering from side to side to find some place where they would not be trodden on. Clover made a sort of wall round them with her great foreleg，and the ducklings nestled down inside it and promptly fell asleep. At the last moment Mollie，the foolish，pretty white mare who drew Mr. Jones’s trap，came mincing daintily in，chewing at a lump of sugar. She took a place near the front and began flirting her white mane，hoping to draw attention to the red ribbons it was plaited with. Last of all came the cat，who looked round，as usual，for the warmest place，and finally squeezed herself in between Boxer and Clover; there she purred contentedly throughout Major’s speech without listening to a word of what he was saying.
All the animals were now present except Moses，the tame raven，who slept on a perch behind the back door. When Major saw that they had all made themselves comfortable and were waiting attentively，he cleared his throat and began:
“Comrades，you have heard already about the strange dream that I had last night. But I will come to the dream later. I have something else to say first. I do not think，comrades，that I shall be with you for many months longer，and before I die，I feel it my duty to pass on to you such wisdom as I have acquired. I have had a long life，I have had much time for thought as I lay alone in my stall，and I think I may say that I understand the nature of life on this earth as well as any animal now living. It is about this that I wish to speak to you.
“Now，comrades，what is the nature of this life of ours? Let us face it: our lives are miserable，laborious，and short. We are born，we are given just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies，and those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength; and the very instant that our usefulness has come to an end we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty. No animal in England knows the meaning of happiness or leisure after he is a year old. No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth.
“But is this simply part of the order of nature? Is it because this land of ours is so poor that it cannot afford a decent life to those who dwell upon it? No，comrades，a thousand times no! The soil of England is fertile，its climate is good，it is capable of affording food in abundance to an enormously greater number of animals than now inhabit it. This single farm of ours would support a dozen horses，twenty cows，hundreds of sheep—and all of them living in a comfort and a dignity that are now almost beyond our imagining. Why then do we continue in this miserable condition? Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen from us by human beings. There，comrades，is the answer to all our problems. It is summed up in a single word—Man. Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene，and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished for ever.
“Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk，he does not lay eggs，he is too weak to pull the plough，he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals. He sets them to work，he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving，and the rest he keeps for himself. Our labour tills the soil，our dung fertilises it，and yet there is not one of us that owns more than his bare skin. You cows that I see before me，how many thousands of gallons of milk have you given during this last year? And what has happened to that milk which should have been breeding up sturdy calves? Every drop of it has gone down the throats of our enemies. And you hens，how many eggs have you laid in this last year，and how many of those eggs ever hatched into chickens? The rest have all gone to market to bring in money for Jones and his men. And you，Clover，where are those four foals you bore，who should have been the support and pleasure of your old age? Each was sold at a year old—you will never see one of them again. In return for your four confinements and all your labour in